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Geiger Gibson Program in Community Health

Milken Institute School of Public Health

Footnotes

 

[1] The UDS revised reporting of age categories up to age 19 in 2002.

[2] Li, Z., & Dalaker, J. (2019). Poverty among Americans aged 65 and older. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45791.pdf

[3] Fulmer, T., Reuben, D. B., Auerbach, J., Fick, D. M., Galambos, C., & Johnson, K. S. (2021). Actualizing Better Health and Health Care for Older Adults: Commentary describes six vital directions to improve the care and quality of life for all older Americans. Health Affairs, 40(2), 219-225. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01470

[4] National Association of Community Health Centers. (2021). Community Health Center Chartbook: Figure 1-7. https://www.nachc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Chartbook-Final-2021.pdf

[5] Karpman, M., Zuckerman, S., Gonzalez, D., & Kenney, G. M. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic is straining families’ abilities to afford basic needs. The Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/102124/the-covid-19-pandemic-is-straining-families-abilities-to-afford-basic-needs_5.pdf

[6] Bureau of Primary Health Care. (2020-2021). Health Center COVID-19 Survey. https://bphc.hrsa.gov/emergency-response/coronavirus-health-center-data

[7] Sharac, J., Morris, R., Casoni, M., Jacobs, F., & Shin, P. (2021). Community Health Centers’ Accomplishments and Challenges, One Year in to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Geiger Gibson/RCHN Community Health Foundation Research Collaborative, George Washington University. Policy Research Brief No. 65. https://www.rchnfoundation.org/?p=9685

[9] World Health Organization. (March 11, 2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020

[10] Morris, R., Hernandez, J., Rosenbaum, S., Jacobs, F., Shin, P., & Sharac, J. (2020). What can we learn from telehealth experience of community health centers during the COVID-19 pandemic? GW Health Policy & Management Matters Data Note. http://gwhpmmatters.com/what-can-we-learn-telehealth-experience-community-health-centers-during-covid-19-pandemic

[11] Health Resources and Services Administration. (2020). 2019 Health Center Data: National Data. https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/data-reporting/program-data/national/table?tableName=Full&year=2019; Health Resources and Services Administration. (2021). 2020 Health Center Data: National Data. https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/data-reporting/program-data/national/table?tableName=Full&year=2020

[12] Sharac, J., Morris, R., Casoni, M., Jacobs, F., & Shin, P. (2021). Community Health Centers’ Accomplishments and Challenges, One Year in to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Geiger Gibson/RCHN Community Health Foundation Research Collaborative, George Washington University. Policy Research Brief No. 65. https://www.rchnfoundation.org/?p=9685

[13] Bureau of Primary Health Care. (2021). Health Center COVID-19 Survey. https://bphc.hrsa.gov/emergency-response/coronavirus-health-center-data

[14] Vahratian, A., Blumberg, S. J., Terlizzi, E. P., & Schiller, J. S. (2021). Symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorder and use of mental health care among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, August 2020–February 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(13), 490. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7013e2.htm

[15] Corallo, B., Tolbert, J., Rosenbaum, S. Sharac, J., Shin, P., & Trivedi, C. (2020). Community health centers’ role in delivering care to the nation’s underserved populations during the coronavirus pandemic. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/community-health-centers-role-in-delivering-care-to-the-nations-underserved-populations-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic/

[16] Panchal, N., Garfield, R., Cox, C., & Artiga, S. (2021). Substance Use Issues Are Worsening Alongside Access to Care. The Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/policy-watch/substance-use-issues-are-worsening-alongside-access-to-care/

[17] Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). (2021). Medicaid & CHIP and the COVID-19 Public Health

Emergency. Preliminary Medicaid & CHIP Data Snapshot: Services through October 31, 2020. https://www.medicaid.gov/state-resource-center/downloads/covid-19-medicaid-data-snapshot.pdf

[18] HRSA. (August 2021). Health Center Program: Impact and Growth. https://bphc.hrsa.gov/about/healthcenterprogram/index.html

[19] Health centers were instructed to report patients with diagnoses of COVID-19 and additional illnesses due to COVID-19 under both categories. “Documentation in the medical record and reporting of all diagnoses (not just primary diagnosis) and services rendered during the visit are required, if applicable. For example, if a patient has pneumonia and confirmed due to coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease, assign and report codes U07.1 (coronavirus disease) on line 4c and J12.89 (other viral pneumonia) on line 6a” (p. 146). Bureau of Primary Health Care. (August 2020). Uniform Data System Reporting Instructions for 2020 Health Center Data. HRSA. https://bphc.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bphc/datareporting/pdf/2020-uds-manual.pdf

[20] CMS.gov. (March 18, 2020). CMS Releases Recommendations on Adult Elective Surgeries, Non-Essential Medical, Surgical, and Dental Procedures during COVID-19 Response. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/cms-releases-recommendations-adult-elective-surgeries-non-essential-medical-surgical-and-dental

[21] Sharac, J., Morris, R., Casoni, M., Jacobs, F., & Shin, P. (2021). Community Health Centers’ Accomplishments and Challenges, One Year in to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Geiger Gibson/RCHN Community Health Foundation Research Collaborative, George Washington University. Policy Research Brief No. 65. https://www.rchnfoundation.org/?p=9685

[22] The quality measures did not change between 2019 and 2020 except for the colorectal cancer screening, which was revised to add two exclusions, and the childhood immunization measure, which added the 4-dose HiB vaccine. https://bphc.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bphc/datareporting/reporting/2020-clinical-measures-handout.pdf

[23] Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). (2021). Medicaid & CHIP and the COVID-19 Public Health

Emergency. Preliminary Medicaid & CHIP Data Snapshot: Services through October 31, 2020. https://www.medicaid.gov/state-resource-center/downloads/covid-19-medicaid-data-snapshot.pdf

[24] Health Resources and Services Administration. (2020). 2019 Health Center Data: National Data. https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/data-reporting/program-data/national/table?tableName=Full&year=2019; Health Resources and Services Administration. (2021). 2020 Health Center Data: National Data. https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/data-reporting/program-data/national/table?tableName=Full&year=2020

[25] Bureau of Primary Health Care. (2020-2021). Health Center COVID-19 Survey. https://bphc.hrsa.gov/emergency-response/coronavirus-health-center-data. Note that the survey for the time period ending August 13, 2021 was the last one to ask health centers to report the number of temporarily closed sites.

[26] National Association of Community Health Centers. (2017). Studies on Health Centers Improving Access to Care. https://nachc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Access_June-2017.pdf ; National Association of Community Health Centers. (2017). Studies of Health Center Quality of Care. https://nachc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Quality_June-2017.pdf

[27] Health centers reported 17,664 patients who received additional COVID-19 vaccine doses for the two-week period ending September 10, 2021. Bureau of Primary Health Care. (2021). Health Center COVID-19 Survey. https://bphc.hrsa.gov/emergency-response/coronavirus-health-center-data.

[28] Rosenbaum, S., Handley, M., & Morris, R. (January 2021). Winding Down Continuous Enrollment for Medicaid Beneficiaries When the Public Health Emergency Ends. The Commonwealth Fund. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2021/jan/winding-down-enrollment-medicaid-health-emergency-ends

[29] Kaiser Family Foundation. (September 2021). Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map. https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map/

[30] Hussein, M. R., Morsi, I., Awad, E. A., Fayed, D. A., AlSulaiman, T., Habib, M., & Herbold, J. R. (2021). The differential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states. medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.21252296v1.full

[31] Lukens, G., & Sharer, B. (June 2021). Closing Medicaid Coverage Gap Would Help Diverse Group and Narrow Racial Disparities. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/closing-medicaid-coverage-gap-would-help-diverse-group-and-narrow-racial